QUICK-REF - CsoundManual - Top of this section - Previous - Contents - Index - Next 

fof, fof2

     ar   fof  xamp, xfund, xform, koct, kband, kris, kdur, kdec, \
                    iolaps, ifna, ifnb, itotdur[, iphs][, ifmode]  
     ar   fof2  xamp, xfund, xform, koct, kband, kris, kdur, kdec, \
                    iolaps, ifna, ifnb, itotdur, kphs, kgliss

DESCRIPTION

Audio output is a succession of sinusoid bursts initiated at frequency xfund with a spectral peak at xform. For xfund above 25 Hz these bursts produce a speech-like formant with spectral characteristics determined by the k-input parameters. For lower fundamentals this generator provides a special form of granular synthesis.

fof2 implements k-rate incremental indexing into ifna function with each successive burst.

INITIALIZATION

iolaps - number of preallocated spaces needed to hold overlapping burst data. Overlaps are frequency dependent, and the space required depends on the maximum value of xfund * kdur. Can be over-estimated at no computation cost. Uses less than 50 bytes of memory per iolap.

ifna, ifnb- table numbers of two stored functions. The first is a sine table for sineburst synthesis (size of at least 4096 recommended). The second is a rise shape, used forwards and backwards to shape the sineburst rise and decay; this may be linear ( GEN07) or perhaps a sigmoid ( GEN19).

itotdur - total time during which this fof will be active. Normally set to p3. No new sineburst is created if it cannot complete its kdur within the remaining itotdur.

iphs (optional) - initial phase of the fundamental, expressed as a fraction of a cycle (0 to 1). The default value is 0.

ifmode (optional) - formant frequency mode. If zero, each sineburst keeps the xform frequency it was launched with. If non-zero, each is influenced by xform continuously. The default value is 0.

PERFORMANCE

xamp - peak amplitude of each sineburst, observed at the true end of its rise pattern. The rise may exceed this value given a large bandwidth (say, Q < 10) and/or when the bursts are overlapping.

xfund - the fundamental frequency (in Hertz) of the impulses that create new sinebursts.

xform - the formant frequency, i.e. freq of the sinusoid burst induced by each xfund impulse. This frequency can be fixed for each burst or can vary continuously (see ifmode).

koct - octaviation index, normally zero. If greater than zero, lowers the effective xfund frequency by attenuating odd-numbered sinebursts. Whole numbers are full octaves, fractions transitional.

kband - the formant bandwidth (at -6dB), expressed in Hz. The bandwidth determines the rate of exponential decay throughout the sineburst, before the enveloping described below is applied.

kris, kdur, kdec - rise, overall duration, and decay times (in seconds) of the sinusoid burst. These values apply an enveloped duration to each burst, in similar fashion to a Csound linen generator but with rise and decay shapes derived from the ifnb input. kris inversely determines the skirtwidth (at -40 dB) of the induced formant region. kdur affects the density of sineburst overlaps, and thus the speed of computation. Typical values for vocal imitation are .003,.02,.007.

In the fof2 implementation, kphs allows k-rate indexing of function table ifna with each succesive burst, making it suitable for time-warping applications. Values of for kphs are normalized from 0 to 1, 1 being the end of the function table ifna. kgliss - sets the end pitch of each grain relative to the initial pitch, in octaves. Thus kgliss = 2 means that the grain ends two octaves above its initial pitch, while kgliss = -5/3 has the grain ending a perfect major sixth below. Note: There are no optional parameters in fof2

Csound's fof generator is loosely based on Michael Clarke's C-coding of IRCAM's CHANT program (Xavier Rodet et al.). Each fof produces a single formant, and the output of four or more of these can be summed to produce a rich vocal imitation. fof synthesis is a special form of granular synthesis, and this implementation aids transformation between vocal imitation and granular textures. Computation speed depends on kdur, xfund, and the density of any overlaps.


QUICK-REF - CsoundManual - Top of this section - Previous - Contents - Index - Next 

HTML Csound Manual - © Jean Piché & Peter J. Nix, 1994-97